François Dufrêne

François Dufrêne was a french poet and plastic artist, considered the younger of the first generation sound poets. A key figure in Nouveau Réalisme (New Realism). In 1946 he adhered to Isidore Isou's "Mouvement Lettriste" and took part in all the manifestations of the movement from 1946 to 1953. In 1953 he created the “Ultralettrisme", a form of electro-acoustic extended vocal technique which he described as "Crirythme" which had no 'score' and existed for recording tape alone.